Prima Facie
/PRY-mah FAY-shee/
At first sight — evidence sufficient on its face to establish a fact or presume a legal conclusion unless rebutted.
Full Definition
Prima facie (Latin: 'at first sight' or 'on first appearance') describes evidence that is sufficient, on its face, to establish a case or fact until it is rebutted. A prima facie case is the minimum evidence threshold that compels the defendant to answer — if the prosecution fails to establish even a prima facie case, the accused is entitled to acquittal at the conclusion of the prosecution's evidence. The standard for a prima facie case is lower than 'beyond reasonable doubt' — it is not a finding of guilt, but a finding that there is enough evidence to proceed.
In Indian Law
Section 227 CrPC (Section 263 BNSS) allows a Sessions judge to discharge an accused if there is no sufficient ground — i.e., no prima facie case. Section 245 CrPC (Section 286 BNSS) allows a Magistrate to acquit if prosecution evidence is insufficient. The Supreme Court in State of Bihar v. Ramesh Singh (1977) held the prima facie test at the stage of framing charges: 'Whether on the material produced there is sufficient ground for presuming that the accused has committed the offence.'
Landmark Cases
State of Bihar v. Ramesh Singh (1977) — Prima facie at charge-framing stage
Union of India v. Prafulla Kumar Samal (1979) — Test for discharge under Section 227 CrPC
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the difference between prima facie evidence and proof beyond reasonable doubt?
Prima facie evidence is the minimum threshold to proceed — it raises a presumption that can be rebutted. Proof beyond reasonable doubt is the standard for conviction — a much higher bar. A prima facie case justifies framing charges; proof beyond doubt is required for conviction.