Section 45

Section 45 is the residual or catch-all civil penalty provision — a standard feature of Indian regulatory statutes that ensures no violation goes entirely unpenalised simply because Parliament did not specifically enumerate it. The ₹25,000 ceiling is calibrated for minor technical violations of rules or regulations made under the Act, not for substantive offences (which have their own penalty provisions). Common applications include: failure to comply with specific procedural requirements in the IT Rules not caught by Section 44's specific heads; minor technical violations by intermediaries of the IT Rules 2021 that fall below the threshold of substantive non-compliance; and minor procedural breaches by Certifying Authorities of CCA regulations. Section 45 operates through the Adjudicating Officer mechanism under Section 46. The ₹25,000 ceiling has not been revised since 2000 — it represents a minimal deterrent in today's monetary context.